ABSTRACT Secondary metabolites of Capsicum spp. have biological activity, which can be modified by external factors as the amount of incident light and soil water availability during crop growing, and by internal factors as fruit ripeness level. The study aim was to determine by HPLC method the phytochemical profile of C. annuum L. var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser & Pickersgill (AMA and GAR genotypes) and C. frutescens L. (PIP genotype) grown under open sky and 70% shade during dry and rainy harvest season. Phytochemicals were affected by genotype, light level, harvest season, and fruit ripeness level. Phytochemicals number changed among genotypes: PIP > AMA> GAR. In immature fruits AMA (4.74 mg g-1) and GAR (3.83 mg g-1) had highest capsaicin content; and PIP (0.43 (g g-1), AMA (0.18 (g g-1) and GAR (0.14 (g g-1) in lutein content in all harvest seasons and light level conditions studied. In mature fruits, PIP had the highest capsaicin (5.77 mg g-1) and β-carotene (0.45 (g g-1) content. Gallic and syringic acids were major constituents of phenolics acids, and quercetin and rutin for flavonoids. Mature and immature fruits from 70% shade showed the quercetin highest content (108.4-160.02 (g g-1), increasing during dry season (180.9-1368.6 (g g-1). Gallic acid (789.3-1076.7 (g g-1) and rutin (114.0 (g g-1) increased in AMA immature fruits when grown under open sky. Ferulic acid was not detected in GAR under any of the conditions studied. In AMA, ferulic, protocatechuic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids were detected only in rainy season fruits in both light levels. The harvest season and shading level of these Capsicum spp. should be considered when evaluating the biological activity of chili peppers fruits extracts in tropical crops.

RESUMEN Propósito de la revisión. HEARTS en las Américas es la adaptación regional de la iniciativa mundial HEARTS, de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, para la prevención y el control de las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV). Su objetivo general es impulsar el cambio de la práctica clínica y de la gestión en los entornos de atención primaria, por parte de los servicios de salud, a fin de mejorar el control de la hipertensión y reducir el riesgo de ECV. En esta revisión se describe la iniciativa HEARTS en las Américas. En primer lugar, se resume la situación epidemiológica regional en cuanto a la mortalidad por ECV y las tendencias en el control de la hipertensión a nivel poblacional; a continuación, se explica la razón de ser de los principales componentes de la intervención: el sistema de manejo orientado a la atención primaria y la vía clínica de HEARTS. Por último, se examinan los factores clave para acelerar la expansión de HEARTS: los medicamentos, la atención basada en el trabajo en equipo y un sistema de monitoreo y evaluación. Resultados recientes. Hasta el momento, 33 países y territorios de América Latina y el Caribe se han comprometido a integrar este programa en toda su red de atención primaria de salud para el 2025. El aumento de la cobertura y del control de la hipertensión en los entornos de atención primaria de salud (en comparación con el modelo tradicional) es prometedor y confirma que las intervenciones que se promueven como parte de HEARTS son factibles y resultan aceptables para las comunidades, los pacientes, los prestadores de servicios de salud, los responsables de la toma de decisiones y los financiadores. En esta revisión se destacan algunos casos de implementación satisfactoria. Conclusiones. Ampliar el uso de un tratamiento eficaz de la hipertensión y optimizar el control del riesgo de ECV es una forma pragmática de acelerar la reducción de la mortalidad por ECV y, al mismo tiempo, de fortalecer los sistemas de atención primaria de salud para responder con calidad y de manera eficaz y equitativa al desafío que entrañan las enfermedades no transmisibles, no solo en los países de ingresos bajos o medianos, sino en todas las comunidades a nivel mundial.

ABSTRACT Purpose of review. HEARTS in the Americas is the regional adaptation of Global Hearts, the World Health Organization initiative for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention and control. Its overarching goal is to drive health services to change managerial and clinical practice in primary care settings to improve hypertension control and CVD risk management. This review describes the HEARTS in the Americas initiative. First, the regional epidemiological situation of CVD mortality and population hypertension control trends are summarized; then the rationale for its main intervention components: the primary care-oriented management system and the HEARTS Clinical Pathway are described. Finally, the key factors for accelerating the expansion of HEARTS are examined: medicines, team-based care, and a system for monitoring and evaluation. Recent findings. Thus far, 33 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have committed to integrating this program across their primary healthcare network by 2025. The increase in hypertension coverage and control in primary health care settings compared with the traditional model is promising and confirms that the interventions under the HEARTS umbrella are feasible and acceptable to communities, patients, providers, decision-makers, and funders. This review highlights some cases of successful implementation. Summary. Scaling up effective treatment for hypertension and optimization of CVD risk management is a pragmatic way to accelerate the reduction of CVD mortality while strengthening primary healthcare systems to respond effectively, with quality, and equitably, to the challenge of non-communicable diseases, not only in low-middle income countries but in all communities globally.

RESUMO Propósito da revisão. HEARTS nas Américas é uma adaptação regional da iniciativa mundial HEARTS, da Organização Mundial da Saúde, voltada para prevenção e controle das doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) na Região das Américas. Seu objetivo geral é promover mudanças na prática clínica e na gestão da atenção primária pelos serviços de saúde a fim de melhorar o controle da hipertensão arterial e reduzir o risco de DCV. Esta revisão descreve a iniciativa HEARTS nas Américas. Primeiro, é apresentado um resumo da situação epidemiológica regional relativa à mortalidade por DCV e das tendências no controle da hipertensão arterial em nível populacional. Em seguida, são explicados os motivos por trás dos principais componentes da intervenção: o sistema de manejo focado na atenção primária e o componente clínico da HEARTS. Por fim, são examinados os principais fatores para acelerar a ampliação da HEARTS: medicamentos, atenção baseada no trabalho em equipe e um sistema de monitoramento e avaliação. Resultados recentes. Até o momento, 33 países e territórios da América Latina e do Caribe se comprometeram a integrar esse programa em toda sua rede de atenção primária à saúde até 2025. Comparado com o modelo tradicional, o aumento da cobertura e do controle da hipertensão arterial nos ambientes de atenção primária à saúde é promissor e confirma que as intervenções promovidas pela HEARTS são exequíveis e aceitas por comunidades, pacientes, prestadores de serviços de saúde, tomadores de decisão e financiadores. Nesta revisão, destacamos alguns casos nos quais a implementação foi satisfatória. Conclusões. Ampliar a aplicação de um tratamento eficaz contra a hipertensão arterial e otimizar o controle do risco de DCV são medidas pragmáticas para acelerar a redução da mortalidade por DCV e, ao mesmo tempo, fortalecer os sistemas de atenção primária à saúde para responder com qualidade, eficácia e equidade ao desafio apresentado pelas doenças não transmissíveis, não apenas nos países de baixa ou média renda, mas no mundo todo.

Resumen Antecedentes: Capsicum spp. crecen en ambientes con diferente radiación incidente, lo que podría modificar el crecimiento de las plantas y la concentración de fitoquímicos en frutos. Hipótesis: El sombreado afecta positivamente la fenología y el rendimiento de frutos, disminuye los contenidos de fenoles (TPC), flavonoides (FLV), proantocianidinas (PAN) y carotenoides (CAT) en frutos de Capsicum silvestres. Especies de estudio: Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum: amashito (AMA) and garbanzo (GAR), y C. frutescens (Pico Paloma, PIP) Sitio y años de estudio: Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico; 2020 y 2021. Métodos: Las semillas fueron tratadas con ácido giberélico (GA3) (500 mg L-1 ) por 24 h antes de siembra. Las plántulas fueron trasplantadas a campo abierto y bajo dos niveles de sombreado (35 y 70 %), bajo un diseño de parcelas divididas con cuatro repeticiones. TPC, FLV, PAN y CAT fueron determinados en frutos por espectrofotometría UV-vis. Resultados: El sombreado aceleró los procesos fenológicos desde la primera bifurcación del tallo, y disminuyó el tiempo para maduración de frutos desde antesis. El sombreado incrementó el rendimiento en el genotipo AMA, pero redujo TPC, FLV, y CAT en frutos; estos metabolitos incrementaron su contenido a campo abierto. Conclusiones: La sombra redujo la duración de estados fenológicos incluyendo el período de maduración de frutos, y aumentó la altura de planta en Capsicum spp. El incremento en rendimiento por efecto de sombreado solo se observó en el genotipo AMA. El contenido de fitoquímicos en frutos se reduce con el sombreado.

Abstract Background: Capsicum spp. grow in environments with different incident radiation, that could modify the plant growth and the concentration of phytochemicals in fruits. Hypothesis: Shading positively affects phenology and fruit yield, decreases the total contents of phenols (TPC), flavonoids (FLV), proanthocyanidins (PAN) and carotenoids (CAT) in fruits of wild Capsicum species. Studied species: Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum: amashito (AMA) and garbanzo (GAR), and C. frutescens (Pico paloma, PIP) Study site and dates: Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico; 2020 and 2021. Methods: Seeds were treated with gibberellic acid (GA3) (500 mg L-1) for 24 h prior to seeding. The seedlings were transplanted in an open field and under two levels of shade (35 and 70 %) under a subsplit plot design with four replicates. TPC, FLV, PAN and CAT were determinate in immature and ripe fruits by UV-vis spectrophotometry. Results: Shade accelerated the phenological processes from the first bifurcation of the stem, and decreased the fruits ripening time from anthesis of the genotypes studied. Shade only increased the yield of the AMA genotype and reduced the contents of TPC, FLV, and CAT; however, these metabolites increased under open field conditions. Conclusions: The shade reduced the duration of phenological stages including the ripening period of fruits, and increased the plant height of the Capsicum spp. The increase in yield by shading effect only was observed in AMA genotype. The content of phytochemicals in Capsicum fruits is reduced by shading levels.

Abstract Background: Phenylephrine (PHE) produces higher aortothoracic contractile tension with endothelium (T[ON]) compared to potassium chloride (KCl). Both are exponential triphasic responses (Φ1, Φ2, Φ3) but their kinetics have not been compared with the time constant (τ in s). Goal. To study the triphasic T[On] kinetics (τ: Φ1, Φ2(fundamental) and Φ3) of 1μM PHE vs 40mM KCl. Material and methods: We compared numerical values of τ1, τ2, τ3 of the T[On] of prepubertal male Wistar rats (without established reproductive capacity) with adult male ones. Results: Φ2 showed higher gain (g), shorter delay time (s), and faster kinetics of T[On] at PHE than at KCl. Conclusions: In the time course of T[On] only the fundamental exponential phase was faster with PHE than with KCl.

Resumen Introduction: El cáncer de mama es la principal causa de mortalidad por cáncer en mujeres mexicanas. Objetivo: Identificar la concordancia entre la biopsia con aguja de corte (BAC) y la biopsia escisional (BE) con respecto al diagnóstico, receptores hormonales (RH) y Her2. Material y Métodos: Se registró el número de fragmentos cilíndricos, datos demográficos, tipo histológico y tratamiento. Se recopilaron resultados de RH y Her2. Resultados: Se incluyeron 70 mujeres con mediana de edad de 58 años. El diagnóstico inicial en BAC fue carcinoma ductal invasivo 56 (80%), lobular 10 (14%) y mixtos 4 (6%). El acuerdo de diagnóstico entre BAC y BE fue del 97%, k = 0.65. Se observó una concordancia de 92% (k = 0.75), 75% (k = 0.26) y 67% (k = 0.46) para las determinaciones de receptor de estrógenos (RE), receptor de progesterona (RP) y Her2, y los valores predictivos positivos en BAC fueron 0.96, 0.89 y 0.44, respectivamente. Conclusión: Los RH y la concordancia de Her2 mediante inmunohistoquímica (IHC) manual se encuentran dentro del rango de valores obtenidos mediante el uso de IHC automatizada. Los errores técnicos/de lectura contribuyeron más a discordancia que la heterogeneidad tumoral.

Abstract Introduction: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in Mexican women. Objective: The objective of the study was to identify concordances among core needle biopsy (CNB) and excisional biopsies (EB) regarding diagnosis, hormonal receptors (HR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2). Materials and methods: Core number, demographic data, histological type, and treatment were documented for each sample. Reported HR and Her2 score from both samples were compiled. Results: 70 women with both CNB/EB were included. Median age was 58 (36-87) years; initial diagnosis in CNB were invasive ductal 56 (80%), lobular 10 (14%), and mixed 4 (6%) carcinomas. Diagnostic agreement among CNB and EB was of 97%, k = 0.65. A concordance of 92% (k = 0.75), 75% (k = 0.26), and 67% (k = 0.46) was observed for estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and Her2 determinations, and positive predictive values in CNB were 0.96, 0.89, and 0.44, respectively. Conclusion: HR and Her2 concordances using manual-immunohistochemistry (IHC) were found within the range of values obtained using automatized-IHC. When compared to tumor heterogeneity, technical/reading errors contribute more to discordances.

RESUMO Objetivo. Quantificar a associação entre a prevalência de controle populacional da hipertensão e mortalidade por doença cardíaca isquêmica (DCI) e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) em 36 países das Américas, de 1990 a 2019. Métodos. Este estudo ecológico utilizou os dados de prevalência da hipertensão e prevalência da detecção, tratamento e controle populacional da hipertensão do estudo NCD-RisC, e de mortalidade por DCI e AVC do Estudo de Carga Global de Doença de 2019. Análise de regressão foi utilizada para avaliar as tendências no tempo e a associação entre controle populacional da hipertensão e mortalidade. Resultados. Entre 1990 e 2019, as taxas de mortalidade padronizadas por idade devidas a DCI e AVC diminuíram anualmente 2,2% (intervalos de confiança de 95%: −2,4 a −2,1) e 1,8% (−1,9 a −1,6), respectivamente. A taxa anual de redução na mortalidade por DCI e AVC desacelerou para −1% (−1,2 a −0,8) durante o período de 2000-2019. De 1990 a 2019, a prevalência de hipertensão controlada com pressão arterial sistólica/diastólica ≤140/90 mmHg apresentou aumento anual de 3,2% (3,1 a 3,2). O controle populacional da hipertensão apresentou associação inversa com mortalidade por DCI e AVC, respectivamente, em toda a região, e em todos os 36 países, com a exceção de três. Em toda a região, para cada 1% de aumento no controle populacional da hipertensão, nossos dados previram uma redução de 2,9% (−2,94 a −2,85) nos óbitos por DCI por 100 000 habitantes, equivalente à prevenção de 25 639 óbitos (2,5 óbitos por 100 000 habitantes), e de 2,37% (−2,41 a −2,33) nos óbitos por AVC por 100 000 habitantes, equivalente à prevenção de 9 650 óbitos (1 óbito por 100 000 habitantes). Conclusão. Existe forte associação ecológica negativa entre mortalidade por DCI e AVC e controle populacional da hipertensão. Os países com o melhor desempenho no controle da hipertensão mostraram melhor progresso na redução da mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares. Os modelos de previsão têm implicações no controle da hipertensão na maioria das populações da Região das Américas e em outras partes do mundo.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Cuantificar la asociación entre la prevalencia de control de la hipertensión arterial a nivel poblacional y la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica y accidente cerebrovascular en 36 países y territorios de la Región de las Américas entre 1990 y el 2019. Métodos. Este estudio ecológico emplea la prevalencia de la hipertensión, la concientización, el tratamiento y el control de la hipertensión arterial en la población producidos por la Colaboración sobre Factores de Riesgo de las Enfermedades No Transmisibles (NCD-RisC, por su sigla en inglés) y estimaciones de mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica y accidente cerebrovascular del estudio sobre la carga mundial de enfermedad del 2019. Se realizó un análisis de regresión para evaluar las tendencias temporales y la asociación entre el control de la hipertensión arterial en la población y la mortalidad. Resultados. Entre 1990 y el 2019, las tasas de mortalidad estandarizadas por edad a causa de cardiopatía isquémica y accidente cerebrovascular disminuyeron en 2,2% (intervalos de confianza de 95%: –2,4 a –2,1) y 1,8% (–1,9 a –1,6) anual, respectivamente. La tasa de reducción anual de la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica y accidente cerebrovascular se redujo a –1% (–1,2 a –0,8) entre el 2000 y el 2019. Del 1990 al 2019, la prevalencia de hipertensión arterial controlada definida como presión arterial sistólica/diastólica ≤140/90 mmHg aumentó anualmente en 3,2% (3,1 a 3,2). Se observó una relación inversa entre el control poblacional de la hipertensión y la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica y por accidente cerebrovascular, respectivamente, en toda la Región y en los 36 países, a excepción de tres. En toda la Región, por cada aumento de 1% en el control de la hipertensión arterial en la población, nuestros datos predijeron una reducción de 2,9% (–2,94 a –2,85) en las muertes por cardiopatía isquémica por 100 000 habitantes, equivalente a 25 639 muertes evitables (2,5 muertes por 100 000 habitantes) y de 2,37% (–2,41 a –2,33) en las muertes por accidente cerebrovascular por 100 000 habitantes, equivalente a 9 650 muertes evitables (una muerte por 100 000 habitantes). Conclusiones. Existe una sólida asociación ecológica negativa entre la mortalidad por cardiopatía isquémica y accidente cerebrovascular y el control de la hipertensión arterial en la población. Los países con mejor resultado en el control de la hipertensión mostraron un mayor progreso en la reducción de la mortalidad por enfermedad cardiovascular. Los modelos de predicción tienen implicaciones en el manejo de la hipertensión en la mayoría de los grupos poblacionales de la Región de las Américas y otras partes del mundo.

ABSTRACT Objective. To quantify the association between the prevalence of population hypertension control and ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke mortality in 36 countries of the Americas from 1990 to 2019. Methods. This ecologic study uses the prevalence of hypertension, awareness, treatment, and control from the NCD-RisC and IHD and stroke mortality from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Regression analysis was used to assess time trends and the association between population hypertension control and mortality. Results. Between 1990 and 2019, age-standardized death rates due to IHD and stroke declined annually by 2.2% (95% confidence intervals: –2.4 to –2.1) and 1.8% (–1.9 to –1.6), respectively. The annual reduction rate in IHD and stroke mortality deaccelerated to –1% (–1.2 to –0.8) during 2000-2019. From 1990 to 2019, the prevalence of hypertension controlled to a systolic/diastolic blood pressure ≤140/90 mmHg increased by 3.2% (3.1 to 3.2) annually. Population hypertension control showed an inverse association with IHD and stroke mortality, respectively, regionwide and in all but 3 out of 36 countries. Regionwide, for every 1% increase in population hypertension control, our data predicted a reduction of 2.9% (–2.94 to –2.85) in IHD deaths per 100 000 population, equivalent to an averted 25 639 deaths (2.5 deaths per 100 000 population) and 2.37% (–2.41 to –2.33) in stroke deaths per 100 000 population, equivalent to an averted 9 650 deaths (1 death per 100 000 population). Conclusion. There is a strong ecological negative association between IHD and stroke mortality and population hypertension control. Countries with the best performance in hypertension control showed better progress in reducing CVD mortality. Prediction models have implications for hypertension management in most populations in the Region of the Americas and other parts of the world.

Resumen En trabajos previos se desarrolló un método para la diferenciación a nivel foliar de la respuesta de plantas de banano a la marchitez por Fusarium raza 1, el cual constituye una herramienta útil para incrementar la eficiencia de la selección de la resistencia en condiciones ex vitro. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en evaluar la resistencia a esta enfermedad en nuevos clones de banano mediante el método de evaluación mencionado. Para ello se realizaron seis momentos de evaluación; y se utilizaron diez plantas de cada línea seleccionada del clon ‘Zanzíbar’ irradiado. Los resultados evidenciaron que las plantas de las líneas evaluadas del clon ‘Zanzíbar’ irradiado indican ser materiales promisorios para el mejoramiento genético en el cultivo dirigido a la resistencia a esta enfermedad. Por otra parte, se obtuvo una respuesta a la selección en un reducido tiempo (48 horas), así como evaluar las líneas seleccionadas a partir de grandes poblaciones de plantas (60 plantas) con la exclusión de otros organismos; y el control de las condiciones ambientales que pudieran interferir en los resultados obtenidos. Sin embargo, constituye una necesidad continuar estudios adicionales en campo para confirmar la resistencia en las líneas evaluadas.

Abstract In previous works, a method was developed for the differentiation at the foliar level of the response of banana plants to Fusarium race 1 wilt, which constitutes a useful tool to increase the efficiency of resistance selection in ex vitro conditions. The objective of this work was to evaluate resistance to this disease in new banana clones using the evaluation method mentioned. For this, six moments of evaluation were made; and ten plants of each selected line of the irradiated ‘Zanzíbar’ clone were used. The results showed that the plants of the evaluated lines of the irradiated ‘Zanzíbar’ clone indicate that they are promising materials for genetic improvement in the crop aimed at resistance to this disease. On the other hand, a response to selection was obtained in a short time (48 hours), as well as evaluating the lines selected from large populations of plants (60 plants) with the exclusion of other organisms; and the control of environmental conditions that could interfere with the results obtained. However, it is necessary to continue additional studies in the field to confirm the resistance in the evaluated lines.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of 26 days of waterlogging, compared with field capacity, on different traits of the forage plants 'Finecut' Chloris gayana, 'Klein Verde' Panicum coloratum, and 'Shawnee' Panicum virgatum, grown in alkaline-sodic soil. Shoot and root dry mass, leaf greenness index, electrolyte leakage, and root histology were evaluated. The histological analysis was performed along the mid-portion of adventitious roots with a 2.0 mm diameter. Waterlogging inhibited the growth of P. coloratum, in addition to decreasing the leaf greenness index and causing injuries in the cell membrane of C. gayana and P. coloratum. At field capacity, only C. gayana and P. coloratum had aerenchyma; however, waterlogging induced the development and increased the area of the aerenchyma in P. virgatum and C. gayana, respectively. Waterlogging also thickened the exodermis and endodermis of all three genotypes, inducing a greater number of exodermis cell rows and a thicker internal tangential cell wall of the endodermis in C. gayana and P. virgatum. Although P. coloratum growth is more sensitive to waterlogging, there are radial oxygen loss barriers in the roots of the three evaluated genotypes.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de 26 dias de alagamento, em comparação à capacidade de campo, sobre diferentes atributos das gramíneas Chloris gayana 'Finecut', Panicum coloratum 'Klein Verde' e Panicum virgatum 'Shawnee', cultivadas em solo alcalino- -sódico. Foram avaliados massa seca da parte aérea e da raiz, índice de verdor da folha, extravasamento de eletrólitos e histologia da raiz. A análise histológica foi realizada na porção média de raízes adventícias com 2,0 mm de diâmetro. O alagamento inibiu o crescimento de P. coloratum, além de ter diminuído o índice de verdor foliar e causado lesão da membrana celular em C. gayana e P. coloratum. Em capacidade de campo, apenas C. gayana e P. coloratum apresentaram aerênquima; no entanto, o alagamento induziu o desenvolvimento e o aumento da área do aerênquima em P. coloratum e C. gayana, respectivamente. O alagamento também engrossou a exoderme e a endoderme dos três genótipos, tendo induzido maior número de células da exoderme e maior espessura da parede celular tangencial interna da endoderme em C. gayana e P. virgatum. Embora o crescimento de P. coloratum seja mais sensível ao alagamento, há barreiras radiais de perda de oxigênio nas raízes dos três genótipos avaliados.

Resumen: La hipoplasia adrenal congénita (HAC) ligada a X es una causa infrecuente de insuficiencia adre nal primaria (IAP). Las mutaciones en el gen NR0B1 provocan una pérdida de función en receptor DAX1, responsable de la activación de los genes implicados en el desarrollo y función del eje hipo- tálamo-hipófisis-adrenal-gonadal. Objetivo: Describir un caso de HAC secundaria a mutación en el gen NR0B1 y analizar los diagnósticos diferenciales del paciente pediátrico con insuficiencia adrenal e hipogonadismo hipogonadotropico. Caso Clínico: Paciente masculino de 4 años de edad, sin an tecedentes relevantes, procedente de área rural. Ingresó a servicio de urgencia por cuadro de quince días de evolución de emesis, astenia, adinamia, mialgias y marcha atáxica. Al examen presentaba hipotensión arterial, hiperpigmentación de mucosas, genitales masculinos con criptorquidia bilate ral. Hiponatremia e hiperkalemia. Se diagnosticó crisis adrenal y se inició reanimación hídrica con solución salina, hidrocortisona y fludrocortisona, con lo que se estabilizó. Se consideró posibilidad de IAP, se descartó hiperplasia adrenal congénita, etiología infecciosa, autoinmune y error innato del metabolismo. En examen de exoma clínico se identificó la variante “probablemente patogénica” c.1275A > T; p.Arg425Ser en el gen NR0B1 (Transcrito ENST00000378970.5) compatible con HAC ligada a X. Se continuó manejo con glucocorticoides y mineralocorticoides con evolución clínica fa vorable a 7 años de seguimiento. Conclusión: Se describe una nueva variante asociada a HAC ligada a X. Las variantes en el gen NR0B1 deben considerarse en el diagnóstico diferencial de un paciente varon con asociación de IAP e hipogonadismo.

Abstract: X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita is a rare cause of primary adrenal insufficiency. Mutations in the NR0B1 gene cause a loss of function in the DAX1 receptor, which activates genes involved in the development and function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Objective: To describe a case of adrenal hypoplasia congenita secondary to a mutation in the NR0B1 gene and identified the differential diagnoses of the pediatric patient with adrenal insufficiency and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Clinical Case: A 4-year-old male patient with no relevant history and from a rural area was admitted to the emergency room due to a 15-days of emesis, asthenia, adynamia, myalgia, and ataxic gait. On the physical examination, hypotension, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia, as well as mucosal hyperpigmentation and bilateral cryptorchidism were observed, therefore, adrenal crisis was diagnosed, starting fluid resuscitation with saline solution, hydrocortisone, and fludrocortisone, which stabilized the patient. Adrenal hyperplasia congenita, innate metabolic error, and infectious or autoimmune etiology were ruled out as etiology. A clinical exome test was performed which identified the variant c.1275A > T; p.Arg425Ser (Transcript ENST00000378970.5) in the NR0B1 gene consistent with X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita. Management of the patient continued with glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids with favorable clinical course at 7 years of follow-up. Conclusion: A novel pathogenic variant associated with X-linked adrenal hypoplasia is described. Variants in the NR0B1 gene should be a differential diagnosis in a male patient with the association of primary adrenal insufficiency and hypogonadism.

ABSTRACT Introduction. CIGB-300 is an antitumor peptide that inhibits the CK2-mediated phosphorylation by direct targeting of substrates. This paper aims to describe breakthroughs about the CIGB-300 antineoplastic mechanism related to the inhibition of CK2-mediated phosphorylation and the synergism with anticancer drugs. Methods. CK2 phosphorylation assays were performed with catalytic CK2α subunit or the CK2 holoenzyme in presence or not of CIGB-300. CIGB-300/CK2 interaction was verified by pull-down experiments, in situ colocalization and phosphoproteomic analysis of CIGB-300-treated lung cancer cells were also performed. Synergism of the peptide with anticancer drugs was evaluated in vitro and for Cisplatin; it was also tested in vivo. Besides, comparative proteomics of CIGB-300 combined with Cisplatin was conducted. Results. CIGB-300 targeted the CK2α subunit and inhibited the enzymatic activity of the holoenzyme in different experimental settings. Likewise, phosphoproteomic and Western Blot analysis allowed for knowing the early CK2 inhibition profile elicited by CIGB-300 at 10 and 30 minutes of treatment. Moreover, CIGB-300 did synergize with chemotherapeutics and EGFR inhibitors, and molecular events that reportedly support such synergistic interactions were also known. Conclusions. CIGB-300 inhibits the CK2-mediated phosphorylation by using an alternative mechanism of direct interaction with the enzyme itself. Besides, CIGB-300 synergizes with chemotherapeutics and EGFR inhibitors by modulating different proteins related to drug resistance.

RESUMEN Introducción. El CIGB-300 es un péptido antitumoral inhibidor de la fosforilación de los sustratos de la proteína quinasa CK2. El presente trabajo persigue como objetivo fundamental exponer nuevos elementos vinculados al mecanismo antineoplásico del CIGB-300 relacionados con el modo de inhibición de dicha fosforilación y la sinergia del péptido con drogas anticáncer. Métodos. Se realizaron ensayos de fosforilación mediada por la subunidad catalítica CK2( o la holoenzima en presencia o no del CIGB-300. La interacción CIGB-300/CK2 se verificó mediante ensayos de pull-down, colocalización in situ y además se realizó un análisis fosfoproteómico en células de cáncer de pulmón tratadas con el péptido. El sinergismo del CIGB-300 y las drogas anticáncer se evaluó in vitro y en el caso del cisplatino también in vivo. Además, se realizó un estudio de proteómica comparativa de la combinación del CIGB-300 con el cisplatino. Resultados. El CIGB-300 interaccionó directamente con la subunidad CK2( e inhibió la actividad de la holoenzima en diferentes condiciones experimentales. Asimismo, el análisis de fosfoproteómica y Western blot permitió conocer el perfil de inhibición temprana de CK2 por el CIGB-300 a los 10 min y 30 min Adicionalmente, el CIGB-300 sinergizó con quimioterapéuticos e inhibidores del receptor del factor de crecimiento epidérmico (EGFR) y se conocieron los eventos moleculares que pueden sustentar la sinergia del péptido con las drogas anticáncer estudiadas. Como conclusiones, el CIGB-300 inhibe la fosforilación mediada por CK2 a través de un mecanismo alternativo de interacción directa con la enzima. Además, sinergiza con quimioterapéuticos e inhibidores del EGFR, modulando diferentes proteínas relacionadas con la resistencia a dichas drogas.

Resumen Introducción. La caficultura requiere de tecnologías que incrementen los rendimientos, la eficiencia del uso de los fertilizantes, promuevan el uso de fuentes locales de nutrientes y aprovechen los beneficios de los microorganismos. Objetivo. Establecer la factibilidad del intercalamiento de la canavalia inoculada con rizobios y hongos micorrízicos arbusculares en cafetos y su relación con la fertilización nitrogenada. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó entre los años 2008 y 2012 en el Instituto de Investigaciones Agro-Forestales, en Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques al azar con arreglo factorial. Se estudiaron cinco sistemas de fertilización nitrogenada, con y sin intercalamiento de canavalia inoculada en una plantación de cafetos podados y cultivados en suelo Cambisol. Las plantas de canavalia se mantuvieron en las calles del cafeto durante la época lluviosa, en ciclos de crecimiento de 90 a 120 días, corte, arrope y posterior siembra. Las semillas de canavalia se recubrieron con inoculantes micorrízicos y Rhizobium y se sembraron a 25 cm x 25 cm en la entrecalle de los cafetos. Se evaluó la biomasa, el crecimiento de la leguminosa, el rendimiento del cafeto y la eficiencia agronómica de la fertilización nitrogenada. Resultados. Con la canavalia inoculada con Rhizobium y hongos micorrízicos se incorporaron 205,9 kg de N ha-1 en tres años y se incrementó el rendimiento de los cafetos en 17 % y 16 % en el primer y segundo año, respectivamente. Con el sistema de fertilización N4 + canavalia se obtuvo un rendimiento promedio anual de 1,69 t ha-1 de café oro. Conclusiones. El intercalamiento de la canavalia con el cafeto incrementó la eficiencia de la fertilización nitrogenada. Fue efectivo el intercalar la canavalia inoculada con Rhizobium y hongos micorrízicos en el manejo de C. canephora durante los primeros dos años a partir de la poda baja del cafeto. Palabas claves: biofertilización, nitrógeno, nutrición de las plantas, intercalamiento.

Abstract Introduction. Coffee growing requires technologies that increase yields, fertilizer use efficiency , promote the use of local sources of nutrients and take advantage of the benefits of microorganisms. Objetive. To establish the feasibility of the intercropping canavalia inoculated with rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on coffee trees and their relationship with nitrogen fertilization. Materials and methods. The study was carried out between 2008 and 2012 at the Instituto de Investigaciones Agro-Forestales , in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. A randomized block design with factorial arrangement was applied. Five nitrogen fertilization systems were studied, with and without inoculated canavalia in a pruned coffee plantation cultivated in Cambisol. The canavalia plants were maintained in the coffee tree lanes during the rainy season, in growth cycles of 90 at 120 days, cutting, mulching and subsequent sowing. The canavalia seeds were coated with mycorrhizae and Rhizobium inoculants and sown at 25 cm x 25 cm in the rows of the coffee trees. The biomass, legume growth, coffee yield and agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilization were evaluated. Results. With the canavalia inoculated with Rhizobium and mycorrhizal fungi, 205.9 kg of N ha-1 were incorporated in three years and coffee yield increased by 17 % and 16 % in the first and second year, respectively. With the N4 + canavalia fertilization system, an average annual yield of 1.69 t ha-1 of gold coffee was obtained. Conclusions. The intercropping of canavalia with the coffee tree increased the efficiency of nitrogen fertilization. The intercropping of canavalia inoculated with Rhizobium and mycorrhizae in the management of C. canephora during the first two years from the low pruning of the coffee tree.

Resumen Presentamos los primeros registros del gavilán pico de gancho (Chondrohierax uncinatus) para la rivera del lago de Cuitzeo en Michoacán. Observamos una pareja del gavilán pico de gancho en abril y septiembre de 2018, perchando en la misma arboleda de Prosopis laevigata (mezquites). En septiembre se observó a la hembra alimentándose del caracol invasivo Rumina decollata. Esto es notable ya que este caracol invasivo puede alcanzar densidades altas y es dañino para la biodiversidad ya que depreda otros gasterópodos y es plaga de cultivos. El registro del gavilán pico de gancho incrementó a trece las especies de rapaces diurnas registradas para el área de Cuitzeo. Considerando que es inusual observar casos en los que una especie invasiva es depredada por una especie nativa, debe verificarse esta interacción biótica en futuros estudios.

Abstract We present the first records of the Hook-billed Kite (Chondrohierax uncinatus) for the Cuitzeo lake in Michoacán. We observed a pair of Hook-billed Kites in April and September 2018, perched in the same woodlot of Prosopis laevigata (mezquite). In September the female was observed preying on the invasive Rumina decollata snail. This is noteworthy as this invasive snail can attain high densities and is harmful to biodiversity as it predates other gasteropods and is a crop pest. This record of the Hook-billed Kite raised to thirteen the number of diurnal raptor species recorded for the Cuitzeo area. Considering that it is unusual to observe cases in which an invasive species is predated by a native species, future studies should examine this biotic interaction.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The health situation in Chile with regard to chronic noncommunicable diseases has worsened in recent years. Therefore, programs to change habits that promote protective factors and reduce cardiovascular risk factors are necessary in order to intervene whore the problem arises. Objective: To assess the efficacy of a program with family health advisors through a follow-up study of the measured health indicators. Methods: Analytical, quasiexperimental and longitudinal study carried out in the Chilean cities of Concepción and Temuco. Biometric indicators (BMI, weight, body fat percentage, skeletal muscle percentage, visceral fat level, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference and blood glucose) were measured in two follow-up plans (general, one month; and personalized, two months). Results: Upon comparing both plans, it was observed that, in the general follow-up plan, there were differences in weight, body fat percentage, skeletal muscle percentage and BMI (p<0.01), while in the personalized follow-up plan, differences were observed in systolic blood pressure, waist circumference, weight, body fat percentage and BMI (p<0.01), as well as for glycemia (p<0.05). No statistically significant differences were observed between the general and personalized follow-up plans. Conclusions: The program is effective in increasing protective factors such as maintaining a normal weight, performing regular physical activity and consuming at least five servings of fruits and vegetables, water consumption, among others, which allows the participant to decrease risk factors regardless of the follow-up plan.

RESUMEN Introducción: La situación de salud en Chile frente a las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles ha empeorado en los últimos años. Por ello, son necesarios programas de cambio de hábitos que promuevan factores protectores y disminuyan factores de riesgo cardiovascular, y así intervenir desde donde surge el problema. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia del programa Consultores de Salud Familiar mediante un trabajo de seguimiento de los indicadores de salud medidos. Métodos: Estudio analítico, cuasiexperimental y longitudinal. Se llevó a cabo en las ciudades de Concepción y Temuco, Chile, y se realizaron las mediciones de indicadores biométricos (IMC, peso, porcentaje de grasa corporal, porcentaje de músculo esquelético, nivel de grasa visceral, presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, perímetro de cintura y glucemia) en dos planes de seguimiento (general de un mes y personalizado, dos meses). Resultados: Al comparar ambos planes, se observó que en el plan de seguimiento general existieron diferencias en peso, porcentaje grasa corporal, porcentaje músculo esquelético e IMC (p < 0,01), y en el plan de seguimiento personalizado se observaron diferencias en presión arterial sistólica, perímetro de cintura, peso, porcentaje grasa corporal e IMC (p < 0,01) y glucemia (p < 0,05). No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el plan de seguimiento general y personalizado. Conclusiones: El programa es efectivo en aumentar factores protectores como mantener un peso normal, realizar actividad física regular y consumir al menos 5 porciones de frutas y verduras, consumo de agua, entre otros, lo que permite al participante disminuir los factores de riesgo con independencia del plan de seguimiento.

ABSTRACT Microalgae are a promising solution in shrimp farming overexploitation. This study assessed the efficacy of microalgae as a food additive for Penaeus vannamei growth and their effect on immune system stimulation against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Three diets were formulated with 0, 1, and 3% (DC, D1, and D3, respectively) of a mixture of three different microalga species, Tetraselmis suecica, Dunaliella salina, and Chaetoceros muelleri, and growth, survival, and post-harvest quality in shrimp culture were evaluated. Two bioassays were performed: a 60-day feeding trial and an immersion infection bioassay against V. parahaemolyticus. D1 was the best treatment and significantly different to DC (P ≤ 0.05), achieving a food conversion factor of 1.24 ± 0.11 and 1.85 ± 0.38; specific growth rate 1.58 ± 0.03% d−1 and 1.35 ± 0.11% d−1; and weight gain of 5.68 ± 0.32 g and 4.79 ± 0.33 g, respectively. Protein content in shrimp muscle was positively increased by microalgae inclusion, achieving 20.8 ± 0.2% (D1) to 21.7 ± 0.3% (D3), 19.2 ± 0.1% (DC). In the infection bioassay, D1 and D3 reached a 100% survival rate, and histological damage in the hepatopancreas was not observed, suggesting immune system stimulation. These results indicated that microalgae added to food are an excellent source of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and promoters of antimicrobial activity that allowed additional protection against mortality caused by V. parahaemolyticus.

Abstract Objective: To determine the evolution, associated factors and the outcomes of transplanted people one year after the evolution of a cohort in Mexico. Method: Kidney transplant cohort from 2013 to 2017 in Mexico. 1118 patients were analyzed. Five outcomes were studied: overall survival, kidney graft, patient survival, delayed function, and acute dysfunction. Kaplan-Meier was used for kidney graft survival. For risk, bivariate and multivariate analyzes were performed with a significant value of p < 0.05. Results: Of the 1118 kidney transplant patients, 57 (5.09%) had kidney graft loss, 52 (4.65%) died during the one-year follow-up; survival of the patient of 95.35% and of the graft 90.25%. Conclusions: The risk factors for the outcomes were transplantation from a deceased donor, recipient over 50 years of age and use of polyclonal agents. Infections and age are related to the death of the patient.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la funcionalidad del injerto renal a 1 año en una cohorte retrospectiva en México. Método: Cohorte de trasplante renal de 2013 a 2017 en México. Se analizaron 1118 pacientes. Se estudiaron cinco desenlaces: supervivencia global, supervivencia del injerto renal, supervivencia del paciente, función retardada y disfunción aguda. Para la supervivencia del injerto renal se usó Kaplan-Meier. Para el riesgo se realizó análisis bivariado y multivariado con valor significativo p < 0.05. Resultados: De los 1118 pacientes con trasplante renal, 57 (5.09%) tuvieron pérdida del injerto, 52 (4.65 %) fallecieron durante el año de seguimiento; la supervivencia del paciente fue del 95.35% y la supervivencia del injerto fue del 90.25%. Conclusiones: Los factores de riesgo para los desenlaces fueron trasplante de donante fallecido, receptor mayor de 50 años y uso de agentes policlonales. Las infecciones y la edad están relacionadas con la muerte del paciente.